| Record of activities in 2010 at KURCPI |
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- Research Seminar No.110, 6 December
16:30-, The Interdivisional Education and Research Building , 5th Floor
「Venice’s Rule on Crete」
TONAI Tetsuya (Faculty of Law, Economics and the Humanities, Kagoshima U.)
The northern Italian city-republic of Venice, which had prospered from
the Levantine trade in the medieval period, maintained overseas territories
in the Adriatic and eastern Mediterranean for a few centuries. Though most
ports and islands under the Venetian dominion were merely support bases
along the trading routes, many Venetian nobles and citizens moved to Crete,
one of the biggest islands in Venice’s maritime empire, where they owned
vast landed estates and produced wheat and wine from the early 13th century.
Encountering some revolts by the Cretan people led by local elites, Venetian
rule and colonization on Crete has been interpreted as a model of that
for modern colonies by European states. This report focuses on the system
of Venetian control on Crete and the relationship between the Catholic
immigrants from Venice, the Greek Orthodox people of the island and the
Venetian government, and then, compares Venice’s rule on Crete with that
of the Amami Islands by the Satsuma clan in the early modern period.
- Research Seminar No.109, 8 November
16:30-, The Interdivisional Education and Research Building , 5th Floor
「Visual record of Kagoshima Maru II -Maiden Voyage to Naples half a century ago-」
TAGUCHI Kazuo (Professor Emeritus, Kagoshima U.)
In 1960 the training ship Kagoshima Maru, which belongs to Kagoshima University,
made her maiden voyage from Japan to Naples, Italy, via the Suez Canal.
While navigating, all the cadets always stood on navigation watch, and
they practiced fishing by tuna long-line and trawling in the Northern Indian
Ocean. They also made oceanographic research and practiced tuna canning.
The ship called at Colombo, Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) and Singapore on the
return trip for supplies and relaxation.
This voyage was completed in 102 days and proved the excellent performance
of every facility, including the safety of the ship’s hull.
The speaker originally recorded the voyage with a 16 mm film camera and
edited the video images assisted by some volunteers for sound effect to
make this video. Today the DVD edition is shown and discussed with the
audience about the operation of the training ship.
Another purpose of calling at Naples was requested by the authorities
of Kagoshima City under the Kagoshima-Naples Sister City relationship,
and some members of the delegation boarded the ship to attend the sister
city ceremony in Naples.
- Research Seminar No.108, 21 September
16:30-, The Interdivisional Education and Research Building , 5th Floor
「Written in Stone: What the stone artefacts of an ancient archaeological
site can tell us」
Marion Campbell (archaeologist)
Lapita is the term used for the earliest culture identified in the western
Pacific Islands. Moreover, archaeological studies in the western Pacific,
including Fiji have focussed on pottery analysis as the primary cultural
marker. Analysis of stone artefacts has concentrated on adzes and on locating
the source of their rock types. Similarly, sourcing of chert and obsidian
artefacts as a means of tracing trade and population movements has received
much attention. This approach has been adopted, in part, because most Lapita-period
sites have been deficient in stone artefacts. A current trend is
to move away from studies of individual artefacts and their form to concentrate
on methods of production and resource strategies.
The early Lapita site at Bourewa, on the south-west coast of Viti Levu,
Fiji, has provided a collection of almost 1700 stone artefacts which exhibit
a wide range of types and attest to multiple activities occurring at the
site. Detailed analysis of this collection has been under-taken combining
the older approaches of classification and an assessment of production
methods and resource utilisation. Over three-quarters of the flaked
material has been either re-touched or has fine wear patterns that indicate
the way it was used. Many pieces show multiple use and functions.
Analysis of the distribution of these artefacts from the site has identified
focus areas for particular activities and changes through time. This is
the first time that such an attempt has been made for a Lapita site and
is especially important because at present Bourewa is accepted as the earliest
occupation site yet discovered in Fiji.
- Research Seminar No.107, 12 July
16:30-, The Interdivisional Education and Research Building , 5th Floor
「Tongan Political Reform: the Odd-One-Out among the Pacific Islands」
Ian Campbell (Research Center for the Pacific Islands,
Kagoshima University)
The constitutions of the Pacific Island states are mostly the product
of decolonisation in the third quarter of the 20th
century and capture the values that were current at the time. Several of them
have undergone minor modifications since though usually without discarding the
received constitution and redesigning the political charter from first
principles.
Tonga is the exceptional case, having a constitution that is about 100 years older than those of the other states. It was formulated in 1875 by a non-Tongan, and showed almost no engagement with Tongan culture as it was at the time. On the contrary, the idea was to show that Tonga had moved away from its culture in its new political construction.
However, after having had over 125 years to assimilate culture and constitution
by the end of the 20th century
political pressures were making it necessary for some changes to be made. The
1875 constitution preserved a strongly hereditary element in government which
gave stability, but which also encouraged the idea that king and nobles had a
natural right to rule. Therefore, for about 20 years the regime was able to
ignore or resist suggestions that democratic reforms would be desirable or
necessary.
The resistance to change ended abruptly as the aging king passed into
a terminal decline, and power effectively shifted to the next generation.
At that point, members of the royal family seized control of the reform
process. Legislation was passed in 2010 broadening popular participation
in government, and restricting the powers of the king. The changes will
come into effect with an election in November 2010.
The effect of this reform is to create a
constitution which is perhaps more intimately connected with Tongan culture
than are the other constitutions of the Pacific, but also one which is much
less democratic than might have been the case had reform been further delayed.
「Capsicum used in Asia」
Sota Yamamoto (Research Center for the Pacific Islands, Kagoshima University
Domestication of the genus Capsicum
dates back to 5,000-6,500 B.C. and people, such as the Olmecs, Toltecs and
Aztecs, are known to have used Capsicum extensively since ancient times. After Columbus returned to the old world
in 1493 with Capsicum, it soon spread from Spain to the other countries. C. annuum and C. frutescens
are now widely cultivated throughout the world and are economically important
as condiments, vegetables, and medicines. I would like to make a presentation
about 1) the detailed usage of Capsicum
as condiment, as vegetable, as medicine, as colorant, in popular
beliefs, in agricultural rituals, in taboos, and in rice malt in Southeast and
East Asia and 2) one possible hypothesis that C. frutescens possessing ShDH-B was introduced directly from the Americas via Oceania
to Manila and it thereafter dispersed into the insular regions.
- Research Seminar No.106, 14 June
16:30-, The Interdivisional Education and Research Building , 5th Floor
「ISLANDS AND VOLCANO」
Gozo Yoshimasu (Josai International University)
I would like to begin my presentation with medieval
monk Myoe’s Letter to my dear island
as a preface. Also, I would like to contribute some of my own thoughts for this
occasion through my personal cine ? “From island to peninsula or from peninsula
to island” (this could be the title of my vision).
Traveling from these islands ? Amami, Kakeroma, Moppo, Tokunoshima, Cheju-do,
to the lake island of Innisfree in Sligo, Ireland, also to Paul Gauguin’s
Bretagne ? the song of these islands spreads like the sound of waves. Finally
to arrive in Kagoshima (is it my own or a common illusion?) is the beginning
of a dream. This should be clarified ? yes, mountain of fire.
- Research Seminar No.105, 17 May
16:30-, The Interdivisional Education and Research Building , 5th Floor
「Modernization of Japan and Kagoshima」
MINAMURA Takeichi （Kagoshima University）
The Japanese government had encouraged the active modernization policies
since the Meiji period. This stimulated the development of modern businesses
and enterprises in the property market, commercial market, labour market,
and financial market especially in the capital region. The wave of modernization
gradually spread to provincial agricultural and fishing districts. By the
end of 1890s, modernization had reached to the national scale. However,
the samurai population filled the national majority. For Kagoshima where
farming communities predominate, the route to modernization had been slow
and fell behind the national averages considerably. The primary reason
lies behind the deeply rooted post-domain (han) ruling systems, customs,
and other socially related matters. This persistence dragged the reformation
of farmers’ awareness and furthermore lagging behind in the improvement
of the production technology and enhancement in productivity. Industry
and commerce also suffered because of lack of funds and also due to markets
(property, commercial, labour, and financial) being reliant upon the distant
capital city. In Kagoshima there were no businesses that could be described
as modern. In terms of politics and the policies, there were stronger tendencies
towards conservatism. From social and cultural point of view, modernization
lagged behind other prefectures, and likewise education followed suit.
The democratization of agricultural, labour, educational reforms following
World War II ‘greeted Kagoshima with the Meiji Restoration,’ as was described
back then, after the delay of 80 years. Albeit impeding development in
monetary and commodity markets, retrospectively the small and medium enterprises
and businesses, which comprised the majority, are rooted back to the rural
farming and fishery practices reliant upon family labour and self-sufficiency.
Nevertheless, modernization and globalization in Kagoshima is undeniably
developing. The author will explore the light and the shadows of modernization,
globalization, and the market economy.
「Tectonic plate boundaries and underground resources」
NEDACHI Munetomo （Kagoshima University）
Rocks contain all elements in the periodic table, but the consistency
of elements are susceptible to change from a few fold to tens of thousands
degrees more concentrated depending on the movement of the Earth. The mankind
has efficiently utilized these as underground resources. The majority of
these underground resources are the resultants of magma activities. However,
not all magma activities are involved in underground resources. Since being
involved in the Nankai (Southern Sea) Research Centre, the author frequently
joined the extensive research team and conducted investigations in Papua
New Guinea, Palau, Yap, and other western Pacific regions of island arcs
which developed along the subduction boundaries between the oceanic plate
and the continental plate. The research elucidated the characteristics
of magma involved in the underground resources. The collaboration between
the two institutes led to working alongside biologists on numerous occasions.
This opened up opportunities to comprehensively appreciate the natural
phenomena in question. The involvement facilitated and encouraged the planning
of projects in 1) underground resources around primitive Earth tectonic
plate boundaries and 2) excavation of ancient life forms. It helped to
gain a foot in exploring the co-evolution of life and environment on primitive
Earth.
- Research Seminar No.104, 26 April
16:30-, The Interdivisional Education and Research Building , 5th Floor
「Embodied ‘Nature’ and Adaptation to the Changing World in Central Islands, Fiji 」
KAWAI Toshimitsu （SOnoda Wemen's University）
[ABSTRACT]Before contacting with Western countries, they seem to have lived in an ecologically harmonious world. Nowadays, Fiji is known as a well developed country among the South Pacific. The purpose of this report is to investigate how Fijians have adapted to the rapidly changing situations. Though it is sure that Fijian culture and society have changed drastically on the way to the colonization, urbanization, commercialization and so forth, native Fijians themselves still continue to distinguish the “Fijian way” from the “Western way”. Is this the resistance to foreigner cultures as some scholars have insisted? I attach much importance to the continuation of traditional culture rather than the discontinuity between tradition and modernity. Especially, I focus on the cultural notion of Fijian “nature”. The “nature” means the state of balance supported by both sides. They think that everything in the world is being supported by “sides”. The state of being means the circulation of life forth. This figurative image is also expressed as three sides (triangle) or four sides (square). In any way, the dualistic differentiation and the unity of the both sides is the basic mental image of Fijian culture. For example, they think that land and sea are supported each other, though they are mediated by the third, sky. A human body is also thought to be supported by the both sides, right and left, and they are supported and controlled by the head, the center of the body. In the same way, anything including human behaviors, customs, material cultures, animals, plants, and the other natural environments is believed to be the embodiment of the more basic image called “tovo in the head”. The Fijian tovo, they call it “true shape” created by God, is distinguished from the other “false shapes”. Seeing from the native point of view, the process of modernization in Fiji was that of reorganization which was constructed on the base of “tovo in the head”.
- Research Seminar No.103, 15 March
16:30-, The Interdivisional Education and Research Building , 5th Floor
「Some strategy mistakes in research 」
HIDAKA Tetushi （RCPIKU）
[ABSTRACT] One of the most serious aspects of any research study is planning. Studies should be planned with very careful thinking otherwise only poor results would be obtained. An additional talk on bleeding papaya will be also given.
「Habu and infectious nematode in the Amami Islands」
MINAKAMI Korebumi (Kagoshima University School of Health Sciences)
[ABSTRACT] Wataｓe Line shares Japanese animal fauna between the Palearctic region north than this line and the south Orient ward of the Tokara straits. As for the distribution of terrestrial venomous snakes, a Mamushi has habitation in Yakushima, Tanegashima in the north of the line, and a Habu has habitation in the southward of the Tokara strait. ? A scientific name of Habu： As for the Habu genus, the generic name was recently changed, and, Habu and Tokara-habu were classified in the adder department Mamushi subfamily Habu genus conventionally, that is, Habu is Protobothrops flavoviridis, Tokara-habu is Protobothrops tokarensis. By recent revision, Hime-habu became the high point Yama-habu genus, and scientific name was changed into Ovophis okinavensis. ? Distribution of Habus： Tokara-habu inhabits in the Tokara chain of islands, and both Habu and Hime-habu inhabit in Amami-Oshima, Tokuyuki Island, and Habu inhabits in Kakeroma Island, Yoro Island, Uke Island, Edateku Island, and neither Habu nor Hime-habu has habitation in Kikai Island, Okinoerabu Island, Yoron Island. Although there are various opinions about the reason of specific distribution, but generally it is thought that it is caused by a rise and fall of sea level. ?Eating habit： As for Hime-habu, amphibians and reptiles hold 81% whereas a roof rat and a brown rat hold 82.5% of all the food individual with the Habu. In addition, I understand that in the stages of development of the Habu, the kind of the bait changed. ?The sex ratio at the time of the hatching is male： Female = 5：4, and the body length of Habu at the time was 350-410mm. Habu hatched after laying eggs in 45 days by the end of August from the end of July. ?Age/ Life span are measured from the the data, such as the body length of Habus captured, diameter of centra, rings of centra. If the copulation and laying eggs of the Habu was assumed once a year, I suggest that the life-span of female Habu was 7 years and its male Habu was 10 years. ?In addition, I also report it about ecdysis, poison, poison action and etc.
The nematode, Strongyloides strerocoralis has a specific life cycle to have a self infection course and parasite on humans. Strongyloidiasis which was caused by this nematode was thought as a man and beast common infectious disease, but we confirmed that the cross infection between humans and dogs couldn’t occur in the Amami Islands.
- Islands Forum・International Symposium
13 February
" 400 years of Relationship between Satsuma and Ryukyu: the formation of arc chain sphere of the East Asian Archipelago - Summary and Prospects -"
On 7th March 1609, the independent Ryukyu Kingdom (Okinawa) was invaded by the Satsuma feudal clan (Kagoshima) with some resistance. This has brought a deep and complicated relationship between the two.
The consequence for the Ryukyus meant that they had to show an attitude of the allegiance to the Tokugawa shogunate and to the Chinese Ming dynasty. They also ceded Amami Islands to the world of Yamato, the mainland Japan. The invasion by the Satsuma brought the beginning of a new epoch in linking the islands chain from Ryukyu in the south to Hokkaido in the north: this marks the birth of what is now known as the Japanese (Arc) Chain Islands.
This has not only impacted the history of Satsuma, Amami, and Okinawa but had influenced the Meiji Restoration, and appears as a concrete problem in the U.S. military rule, Amami and Okinawa return process to the mainland Japan in postwar days, the development axis or belt planning, and next state type governance system discussion as how this Ryukyu arc is recognized repeats.
Several forums/conferences have taken place this year to discuss the “starting points, facts and influences”of these problems in various places. The overall consensus was that there was a vast accumulation of historical facts which need to be identified and be acknowledged, and some are still need to be examined for the next prospects.
As the role of the university and the academic society, the summary work is meaningful approach. This forum aims to present keynote addresses and to hold a discussion with the participants concerning the viewpoints of those directly affected i.e. the Ryukyu and Amami people, and of the history and future of Kagoshima, Amami, and Okinawa.
Keynote address
- TOMIYAMA Kazuyuki (Faculty of Education, Ryukyu University)
“Look back on Ryukyu aggression 400 years by Shimazu (Satsuma) - Transformation and interchange of early modern times East Asia sea area and the land -”
- YUGE Masami (Amami Islands hometown society for the study of the native district)
"History awareness in the Amami-shoto Islands history and recognition- Further research theme including the relationships with other East Asia”
Panelists
- SUGIHARA Hiroshi (Kagoshima University, Faculty of Law and Literature)
“What has been revealed from the discussion on the historical memorial event and 400 years relationships between Satsuma, Amami and Ryukyu”.
- HARAGUCHI Izumi (Kagoshima University, Faculty of Law and Literature)
“On Ryukyu and Satsuma relationship especially Amami Islands Governance by Satsuma of the late Tokugawa period”
- MAETOSHI Kiyoshi (China town government officer, Okino-erabu Island in Amami)
“ and Amami Islands- a prerequisite for discussing regional system study and political decision”
- Chair Parson: NAGASHIMA Shunsuke (Kagoshima University, The Research Center for the Pacific Is. )
- Research Seminar No.102, 25 January
「Fisheries Management in the Pacific Islands: Can fisheries resources remain the ‘lifeline’ for the Pacific Islanders?」
Vina Ram Bidesi （University of South Pacific,RCPIKU）
16:30-, The Interdivisional Education and Research Building , 5th Floor
[ABSTRACT] The 22 developing states and territories of the Pacific Islands region consist of only about 551,390 km2 of land spread across 30 million km2 of ocean that extends from north to south of the equator. The islands are linked and controlled by the marine environment.
The dependence of the Pacific Island countries upon the ocean resources has been a vital part of their cultural, social and economic development. The coastal and marine ecosystems of the region are extremely important habitats for sustaining the livelihoods. With limited arable land and poor soils in the low-lying islands, reliance on marine resources is extremely important. As the population increases, this dependence becomes even more critical. The ocean is seen as the ‘lifeline’ that “provides the greatest opportunities for economic development” (SPREP 2002). Economic activities such as fisheries, tourism and trade are highly dependent on the marine environment.
The seminar will focus on the critical dependence of Pacific Islanders on the fisheries resources, to show that while there has been much progress towards the management of fisheries, the question still remains whether the sector can continue to be the ‘lifeline’. Using examples and research experiences influenced by social, economic and environmental policy perspective, policy gaps and future research interests are indentified. The nature and structure of the fisheries sector will be described and policy initiatives will be outlined to show that two parallel systems exist. While there are attempts to achieve a more integrated approach, fisheries management and development goals will still not be achieved unless the design of an effective fisheries management regime is considered for both coastal and offshore fisheries.
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